School Records - Revision history

Bigbears6: moved Ku to School Records over redirect

Bigbears6 — Wed, 19 Jan 2011 01:22:38 GMT

moved Ku to School Records over redirect

← Older revision

Revision as of 01:22, 19 January 2011

Zakybendy: moved School Records to Ku

Zakybendy — Wed, 19 Jan 2011 01:00:50 GMT

moved School Records to Ku

← Older revision

Revision as of 01:00, 19 January 2011

Matrayback: /* Ethnic Schools */

Matrayback — Tue, 25 May 2010 21:43:56 GMT

Ethnic Schools

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:43, 25 May 2010
Line 39:		Line 39:
	Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.		Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.

-	Schools maintained by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the [[Juneau Indian Agency]] in Alaska are housed at the [[National Archives and ~~Record~~ Administration#National Archives—Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)\|National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage]], and were microfilmed by the [[Genealogical Society of Utah]] in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.	+	Schools maintained by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the [[Juneau Indian Agency]] in Alaska are housed at the [[National Archives and Records Administration#National Archives—Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)\|National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage]], and were microfilmed by the [[Genealogical Society of Utah]] in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.

	Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the [[Cumberland County Historical Society]] in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the [[Family History Library]], and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the [[National Archives and Records Administration\|National Archives]].		Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the [[Cumberland County Historical Society]] in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the [[Family History Library]], and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the [[National Archives and Records Administration\|National Archives]].
Line 45:		Line 45:
	Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.		Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.

-	One of the best-known black schools is Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. Some of the many records pertaining to this institution are online, including the 1915 Class Roster with updated biographical information at http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/schoolrosters/tuskegee1915.html.	+	One of the best-known black schools is Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. Some of the many records pertaining to this institution are online, including the 1915 Class Roster with updated biographical information at http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/schoolrosters/tuskegee1915.html.

	=Colleges and Universities=		=Colleges and Universities=

Matrayback at 21:40, 25 May 2010

Matrayback — Tue, 25 May 2010 21:40:42 GMT

Matrayback at 21:21, 16 April 2010

Matrayback — Fri, 16 Apr 2010 21:21:16 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:21, 16 April 2010
Line 48:		Line 48:

	=Colleges and Universities=		=Colleges and Universities=
		+
		+	[[file:Collegiate directoryb.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The amount of information included in a collegiate directory may vary depending on the career path of the graduate, as shown in these entries from George W. Cullum, The Biographic Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890, With the Early History of the United States Military Academy (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881). The sketch of Ulysses S. Grant continues for two full pages.]]

	The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.		The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.

	Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.		Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.
-
-	[[file:Collegiate directoryb.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The amount of information included in a collegiate directory may vary depending on the career path of the graduate, as shown in these entries from George W. Cullum, The Biographic Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890, With the Early History of the United States Military Academy (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881). The sketch of Ulysses S. Grant continues for two full pages.]]

	The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.		The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.

Matrayback at 21:20, 16 April 2010

Matrayback — Fri, 16 Apr 2010 21:20:37 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 16 April 2010
Line 34:		Line 34:

	=Ethnic Schools=		=Ethnic Schools=
		+
		+	[[file:Carlisle indian school.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The federal government took a census of students at the Carlisle Indian School in 1911 that lists boys and girls separately and gives the tribal membership of each student. FHL microfilm 573,863.]]

	Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.		Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.

	Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.		Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.
-
-	[[file:Carlisle indian school.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The federal government took a census of students at the Carlisle Indian School in 1911 that lists boys and girls separately and gives the tribal membership of each student. FHL microfilm 573,863.]]

	Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.		Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.

Matrayback at 21:19, 16 April 2010

Matrayback — Fri, 16 Apr 2010 21:19:16 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:19, 16 April 2010
Line 8:		Line 8:

	A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.		A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.
		+
		+	[[file:School-board-minutes.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|School board minutes, 22 October 1873, McDuffy County, Georgia, 1872–1960, p. 25. FHL microfilm 220,521, part 1.]]

	Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from McDuffey County, Georgia, refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?		Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from McDuffey County, Georgia, refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?
Line 36:		Line 38:

	Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.		Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.
		+
		+	[[file:Carlisle indian school.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The federal government took a census of students at the Carlisle Indian School in 1911 that lists boys and girls separately and gives the tribal membership of each student. FHL microfilm 573,863.]]

	Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.		Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.
Line 48:		Line 52:

	Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.		Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.
		+
		+	[[file:Collegiate directoryb.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The amount of information included in a collegiate directory may vary depending on the career path of the graduate, as shown in these entries from George W. Cullum, The Biographic Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890, With the Early History of the United States Military Academy (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881). The sketch of Ulysses S. Grant continues for two full pages.]]

	The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.		The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.

Matrayback at 19:47, 29 March 2010

Matrayback — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 19:47:21 GMT

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 29 March 2010
Line 64:		Line 64:

	*[[Researching Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]		*[[Researching Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]
-	*[[List of Useful Business, Institution, and Organization ~~Records~~]]	+	*[[List of Useful Business, Institution, and Organization Resources]]

	=External Links=		=External Links=

Matrayback: Created page with 'Category:The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy {{Template:Institution series (The Source)}} '''This article originally appeared in "Business, Institution, and Organiz…'

Matrayback — Fri, 26 Mar 2010 21:52:59 GMT

Created page with 'Category:The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy {{Template:Institution series (The Source)}} '''This article originally appeared in "Business, Institution, and Organiz…'

New page

[[Category:The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy]]
{{Template:Institution series (The Source)}}
'''This article originally appeared in "Business, Institution, and Organization Records" by [[Kay Haviland Freilich]], CG, CGL, and [[Ann Carter Fleming]], CG, CGL in ''[[The Source: A Guidebook to American Genealogy]]'''''

The records of schools, colleges, and universities in the United States have gradually developed into valuable sources of genealogical information. School records provide a more personal glimpse of our ancestors than many other types of records. They are available from the 1700s until current day and include everything from elementary education through college, professional school, military academy, or special education training. Any of these facilities may have records that provide information about your ancestor. Among the types of school records available are report cards, class photos, class lists, administrator’s records, and rosters of teachers. As with most other records in the United States, school records became more comprehensive after the turn of the twentieth century.

=Primary and Secondary Schools=

A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.

Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from McDuffey County, Georgia, refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?

Teachers’ salaries were set by the number of students in attendance rather than by the number of school days taught.

In many cases, school records are held at the state’s archives. While a large percentage of the records deal with the business of running a school or school district, records involving individuals are also available. For example, the Wisconsin State Archives holds teachers’ contracts from Brown Deer, Granville, and River Hills among other towns. Records of Durham Hill School include teachers’ registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students.

One good starting point when searching for school records is the Family History Library catalog using the topic “schools” in a known location. Another is a Web search that focuses on the place of residence, the known name of a school, or the catalogs of the state or local archives or historical societies. Researchers should remember to check sources at the local public library, where they might find newspaper articles about school activities and a collection of yearbooks from the local public schools. The county clerk or the current school board may be able to tell a researcher what records still exist and where they are housed.

Many colleges, universities, prep schools, and boarding schools have directories, while listings of local primary schools are more difficult to locate and usually pertain only to a specific area. County histories often mention the early county schools and sometimes list students of a particular graduating year. Local or state historical societies may also have information about an area’s early schools. Internet sources may lead you to useful records. The website called [http://http://4dw.net/socal Southern California Yearbooks] has posted images from many high school and college yearbooks from throughout the twentieth century online.

Modern school records are protected by privacy laws, but family members are sometimes able to obtain the information or photocopies of the documents in the files. Because state, local, and school policies govern the availability of school records, you should write to the local school of interest to determine what procedure to follow.

=Report Cards=

Among family heirlooms and papers, a researcher might find an old report card. From this, the researcher can determine an approximate age, based on the grade level indicated on the report card, as well as learn what subjects the ancestor studied—and how well the student did in his studies. In addition, the school may also have maintained a record book of all grades issued.

=Student Lists=

Student lists come in a variety of forms. Teachers might have kept a list of their pupils that includes courses studied and grades achieved. A school census might include the student’s age as well as a birthplace. See for example, the Custer County, Colorado, Pupil Register for District #3, 1891–96 at http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/online.htm#school.

Many metropolitan and rural schools received funds from the local government to cover the cost of educating poor children. Records of children receiving an education at government expense can be found in court records, school board minutes, or town meeting records. The information—name, age, and sex of the child—is typical of all early school records.

=Ethnic Schools=

Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.

Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.

Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.

Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.

One of the best-known black schools is Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington. Some of the many records pertaining to this institution are online, including the 1915 Class Roster with updated biographical information at http://www.afrigeneas.com/library/schoolrosters/tuskegee1915.html.

=Colleges and Universities=

The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.

Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.

The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.

If you know or suspect that an ancestor was a student at England’s Cambridge University, you will definitely want to search the alumni database at http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/directories/cambridge/main.htm. Alumni Cantabrigieness was compiled by J. A. Venn, a former president of Queen’s College and offers information from the university’s earliest records of about 1261 through 1900. Many of those students later immigrated to America. Each entry offers biographical information including birth date and place, parents’ names, siblings’ names, occupation, and notable accomplishments.

=Private Schools=

Some of the best early primary school records were kept by private preparatory and boarding schools whose students were from the region’s wealthy families. References to children’s parents, residence, curriculum, and activities, as well as individual and class photographs, can more often be found in these school records. Some private schools are operated by religious institutions, and these records may appear with the church records.

=References=

Coming soon...

=See Also=

*[[Researching Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]
*[[List of Useful Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]

=External Links=

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:40, 25 May 2010
Line 9:		Line 9:
	A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.		A review of historic school records will quickly show the changes in education over the years. Children from rural farm areas may have attended school only during the winter or nongrowing time. Some schools moved their more advanced students up a grade or even two; today such students are more often offered enrichment courses.

-	[[file:School-board-~~minutes~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|School board minutes, 22 October 1873, McDuffy County, Georgia, 1872–1960, p. 25. FHL microfilm 220,521, part 1.]]	+	[[file:School-board-lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|School board minutes, 22 October 1873, McDuffy County, Georgia, 1872–1960, p. 25. FHL microfilm 220,521, part 1.]]

-	Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from ~~McDuffey~~ County, Georgia, refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?	+	Most commonly found are school board minutes. While board minutes deal primarily with administrative and financial matters involved in operating the school, they may include such potentially valuable information as the names of administrators and teachers, and reference to other records that might be useful. For instance, these 1873 minutes from [[McDuffie County, Georgia]], refer to a school census. Does that census still exist in the files of the county school district or the county clerk?

	Teachers’ salaries were set by the number of students in attendance rather than by the number of school days taught.		Teachers’ salaries were set by the number of students in attendance rather than by the number of school days taught.

-	In many cases, school records are held at the state’s archives. While a large percentage of the records deal with the business of running a school or school district, records involving individuals are also available. For example, the Wisconsin State Archives holds teachers’ contracts from Brown Deer, Granville, and River Hills among other towns. Records of Durham Hill School include teachers’ registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students.	+	In many cases, school records are held at the [[List of State Archives\|state’s archives]]. While a large percentage of the records deal with the business of running a school or school district, records involving individuals are also available. For example, the [[Wisconsin State Archives]] holds teachers’ contracts from Brown Deer, Granville, and River Hills among other towns. Records of Durham Hill School include teachers’ registers with dates, names, ages, and attendance of students.

-	One good starting point when searching for school records is the Family History Library ~~catalog~~ using the topic “schools” in a known location. Another is a Web search that focuses on the place of residence, the known name of a school, or the catalogs of the state or local archives or historical societies. Researchers should remember to check sources at the local public library, where they might find newspaper articles about school activities and a collection of yearbooks from the local public schools. The county clerk or the current school board may be able to tell a researcher what records still exist and where they are housed.	+	One good starting point when searching for school records is the [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/Library/FHLC/frameset_fhlc.asp Family History Library Catalog] using the topic “schools” in a known location. Another is a Web search that focuses on the place of residence, the known name of a school, or the catalogs of the state or local archives or historical societies. Researchers should remember to check sources at the local public library, where they might find newspaper articles about school activities and a collection of yearbooks from the local public schools. The county clerk or the current school board may be able to tell a researcher what records still exist and where they are housed.

	Many colleges, universities, prep schools, and boarding schools have directories, while listings of local primary schools are more difficult to locate and usually pertain only to a specific area. County histories often mention the early county schools and sometimes list students of a particular graduating year. Local or state historical societies may also have information about an area’s early schools. Internet sources may lead you to useful records. The website called [http://http://4dw.net/socal Southern California Yearbooks] has posted images from many high school and college yearbooks from throughout the twentieth century online.		Many colleges, universities, prep schools, and boarding schools have directories, while listings of local primary schools are more difficult to locate and usually pertain only to a specific area. County histories often mention the early county schools and sometimes list students of a particular graduating year. Local or state historical societies may also have information about an area’s early schools. Internet sources may lead you to useful records. The website called [http://http://4dw.net/socal Southern California Yearbooks] has posted images from many high school and college yearbooks from throughout the twentieth century online.
Line 29:		Line 29:
	=Student Lists=		=Student Lists=

-	Student lists come in a variety of forms. Teachers might have kept a list of their pupils that includes courses studied and grades achieved. A school census might include the student’s age as well as a birthplace. See for example, the Custer County, Colorado, Pupil Register for District #3, 1891–96 at http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/online.htm#school.	+	Student lists come in a variety of forms. Teachers might have kept a list of their pupils that includes courses studied and grades achieved. A school census might include the student’s age as well as a birthplace. See for example, the [[Custer County, Colorado]], Pupil Register for District #3, 1891–96 at http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/online.htm#school.

	Many metropolitan and rural schools received funds from the local government to cover the cost of educating poor children. Records of children receiving an education at government expense can be found in court records, school board minutes, or town meeting records. The information—name, age, and sex of the child—is typical of all early school records.		Many metropolitan and rural schools received funds from the local government to cover the cost of educating poor children. Records of children receiving an education at government expense can be found in court records, school board minutes, or town meeting records. The information—name, age, and sex of the child—is typical of all early school records.
Line 35:		Line 35:
	=Ethnic Schools=		=Ethnic Schools=

-	[[file:Carlisle indian ~~school~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The federal government took a census of students at the Carlisle Indian School in 1911 that lists boys and girls separately and gives the tribal membership of each student. FHL microfilm 573,863.]]	+	[[file:Carlisle-indian-lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The federal government took a census of students at the Carlisle Indian School in 1911 that lists boys and girls separately and gives the tribal membership of each student. FHL microfilm 573,863.]]

	Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.		Schools devoted to educating a particular ethnic group can also supply a great deal of information about ancestors. Again, it may take some time to locate the records, but many are available.

-	Schools maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the Juneau Indian Agency in Alaska are housed at the National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage, and were microfilmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.	+	Schools maintained by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] are excellent sources of information and reflect the type of information found in modern school records. These records, maintained by the federal government, have been microfilmed. Records of the [[Juneau Indian Agency]] in Alaska are housed at the [[National Archives and Record Administration#National Archives—Pacific Alaska Region (Anchorage)\|National Archives—Alaska Region at Anchorage]], and were microfilmed by the [[Genealogical Society of Utah]] in 1969. The Office of Indian Affairs also compiled school censuses of Indian children taken at the town and county levels throughout the United States at one time or another but without any predictable format or consistency.

-	Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the Cumberland County Historical Society in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the Family History Library, and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the National Archives.	+	Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania was the first off-reservation government boarding school for Native American children and operated from 1879 to 1918. One of its most famous students was Jim Thorpe, who appears on the 1911 student school census. Many original records from the school are at the [[Cumberland County Historical Society]] in Carlisle. Microfilmed records include a 1911 census available through the [[Family History Library]], and original records are part of Record Group 75, File 1327 at the [[National Archives and Records Administration\|National Archives]].

	Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.		Until schools were desegregated in 1954, most districts in the southern states ran separate schools for black and white students. The scholastic census records for these years usually have individual lists for black and white students. Many are microfilmed. Researchers need to be aware that in at least one case, different colors of paper were used for different races (a difference that may not be apparent on a microfilmed copy unless they are so labeled) and the record itself may not indicate the race.
Line 49:		Line 49:
	=Colleges and Universities=		=Colleges and Universities=

-	[[file:Collegiate ~~directoryb~~.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The amount of information included in a collegiate directory may vary depending on the career path of the graduate, as shown in these entries from George W. Cullum, The Biographic Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890, With the Early History of the United States Military Academy (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881). The sketch of Ulysses S. Grant continues for two full pages.]]	+	[[file:Collegiate-dictionary-lores.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|The amount of information included in a collegiate directory may vary depending on the career path of the graduate, as shown in these entries from George W. Cullum, The Biographic Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from Its Establishment, in 1802, to 1890, With the Early History of the United States Military Academy (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, 1881). This image shows the entry for Jefferson Davis. The sketch of Ulysses S. Grant continues for two full pages.]]

	The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.		The institutions of higher education offer many useful records, and in fact, colleges and universities are excellent sources of genealogical information compared to early primary school records. Records document admission, registration, course of study, and graduation. Additionally, many alumni associations and school archivists have compiled biographies and histories of former students. Many schools have preserved applications for admission containing valuable family information.

-	Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.	+	Yearbooks document the attendance of an individual at a given time and provide some biographical information; these are usually on file with alumni associations and in college and university libraries. Alumni directories offer subsequent addresses and work history; many also include such personal information as names of spouse and children. If the student had to write a thesis as part of his course work, a copy likely resides in the library. A large number of colleges and universities participate in the [[Library Catalogs#National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections\|National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections]]NUCMC, thus helping to identify which sources they might hold.

	The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.		The 1890 Biographical Register of West Point graduates includes Civil War generals from both sides. Not surprisingly, information about Confederate officers is sparse or nonexistent after they resigned from the Union Army. In contrast, entries of some of the Union leaders cover several pages, providing detailed information about military assignments throughout a career and often an extensive biography.

-	If you know or suspect that an ancestor was a student at England’s Cambridge University, you will definitely want to search the ~~alumni database at~~ http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/directories/cambridge/main.htm. Alumni Cantabrigieness was compiled by J. A. Venn, a former president of Queen’s College and offers information from the university’s earliest records of about 1261 through 1900. Many of those students later immigrated to America. Each entry offers biographical information including birth date and place, parents’ names, siblings’ names, occupation, and notable accomplishments.	+	If you know or suspect that an ancestor was a student at England’s Cambridge University, you will definitely want to search the [http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/directories/cambridge/main.htm alumni database]. ''Alumni Cantabrigieness'' was compiled by J. A. Venn, a former president of Queen’s College and offers information from the university’s earliest records of about 1261 through 1900. Many of those students later immigrated to America. Each entry offers biographical information including birth date and place, parents’ names, siblings’ names, occupation, and notable accomplishments.

	=Private Schools=		=Private Schools=

	Some of the best early primary school records were kept by private preparatory and boarding schools whose students were from the region’s wealthy families. References to children’s parents, residence, curriculum, and activities, as well as individual and class photographs, can more often be found in these school records. Some private schools are operated by religious institutions, and these records may appear with the church records.		Some of the best early primary school records were kept by private preparatory and boarding schools whose students were from the region’s wealthy families. References to children’s parents, residence, curriculum, and activities, as well as individual and class photographs, can more often be found in these school records. Some private schools are operated by religious institutions, and these records may appear with the church records.
-
-	~~=References=~~
-
-	~~Coming soon...~~

	=See Also=		=See Also=
Line 71:		Line 67:
	*[[Researching Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]		*[[Researching Business, Institution, and Organization Records]]
	*[[List of Useful Business, Institution, and Organization Resources]]		*[[List of Useful Business, Institution, and Organization Resources]]
-
-	~~=External Links=~~