Independence Day in the United States is an important commemoration of the signing of the Declaration of Independence on 4 July 1776. This document was, perhaps, the proverbial straw that broke the camel's back and precipitated full-scale war. However, it was just one of many events that brought to a head the inevitable conflict that liberated the colonies and produced the greatest democratic republic in history.

As genealogists and family historians, it is imperative that we become students of history and geography in order to place our ancestors into context and therefore better understand them. Genealogy changed my life's perspective of history, from one that might have viewed historical events as place names and dates to one that caused me to ask, “How did these events influence my ancestors?” and “How did my ancestors interact with these events?” and “Were my ancestors involved in these events and, if so, how did they participate?”

In "Along Those Lines..." this week, I'd like to commemorate the 228th anniversary of Independence Day with a brief review of the events surrounding the American Revolution. Perhaps this review will cause you to consider how your ancestors figured into the events of the times, wherever they were around the globe.

Colonists Oppressed
King George III succeeded his grandfather, George II, to the English throne in 1760 at age 22. At the time of his ascent to the throne, the French and Indian War still raged over territories in North America. The Sugar Act was passed in 1764 which taxed the importation into the colonies of sugar, coffee, Madeira wine, silks and other cloths, indigo, and pimentos. It also imposed fines on shippers who sold such commodities to the colonies.

The Stamp Acts, passed by Parliament in 1765, placed a duty (tax) on “every skin or piece of vellum or parchment, or sheet or piece of paper on which shall be ingrossed, written, or printed,” for the purpose of “further defraying the expences [sic] of defending, protecting, and securing” the colonies. The expense was enormous. A Stamp Act Congress consisting of representatives from nine colonies was convened on 19 October 1765 and produced a Declaration of Rights that complained about the Stamp Act and other injustices imposed upon the colonies by Parliament.

The Townsend Acts were passed in Parliament in 1767 for the purpose of raising revenue to support the British army in the colonies. Import duties were imposed on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. The Townsend Acts also provide salaries for some colonial officials so that the provincial assemblies could not influence them by withholding wages. Other particularly offensive bills authorized blank search warrants called Writs of Assistance, created three additional vice-admiralty courts which operated without juries, established a Board of Customs Commissioners headquartered in Boston, and suspended the New York assembly for a failure to comply with the Quartering Act of 1765 which dealt with providing quarters for British soldiers.

Parliament also passed the New York Restraining Act, which suspended the provincial legislature until it provided “his Majesty's troops... with all such necessaries” as required by British law. Colonists protested these taxes by petitioning Parliament and boycotting these and other British goods. On 5 March 1770, Parliament altered the measure, and the duties on all commodities except tea were repealed. The tea tax, however, was the most lucrative and was retained by Parliament to show the colonies that it still had the right to impose taxes on them.

On 5 March 1770, a young barber's apprentice, Edward Garrick, apparently yelled an insult at a British soldier, Hugh White. The soldier responded by hitting the boy with a rifle. The boy called out for help and a crowd of more than four hundred colonists responded in a short time and began to throw snowballs and ice at the soldiers. The soldiers, egged on by more insults, ultimately fired shots into the crowd, killing five men and wounding others. Although the soldiers were arrested for murder in what became known as the Boston Massacre, they were all acquitted at trial. Colonists became more afraid and resentful of the standing British army presence and some areas began organizing their own provincial troops in secret to help protect the populace.

The British East India Company controlled all the tea shipments into the colonies and colonial boycotts of their tea placed the company in jeopardy of going out of business. The colonial merchants had been smuggling tea in from Holland. However, the British government was determined that the British East India Company would survive. In May 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act, which allowed the company to sell tea directly to the colonists. This action bypassed the colonial merchants and, in fact, made the price of tea cheaper than even the Dutch imports. The colonists demanded the removal of the tea tax and dockworkers refused to unload tea from the company's ships. The Governor of Massachusetts demanded that the dockworkers in Boston unload the tea. He also demanded that the people pay the duty on tea.

On the night of 16 December 1773, a group of men dressed as Mohawk Indians and calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, went to Boston harbor and boarded three ships. They incapacitated the crew and guards and, over the next hours, conducted what has become known as the Boston Tea Party. They dumped forty-five tons of tea into Boston Harbor and escaped unchallenged. The Crown and Parliament were livid and retaliated with the Coercive Acts, also known as the Intolerable Acts. These included the following:
- The Boston Port Bill, which closed the Port of Boston to all colonists until the damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid.
- The Massachusetts Government Act nullified the original charter of the colonies and placed the British governor in complete control of town meetings. This act took control from colonists and, in effect, stifled freedom of speech.
- The Administration of Justice Act stated that British officials could not be tried for capital crimes in provincial courts. They would be extradited to England for trial.
- The Quebec Act extended the Canadian borders to take over lands that had formerly been parts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia.

Outraged, colonial leaders organized and convened the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia on 5 September 1774. Fifty-five delegates from all the colonies except Georgia attended and met until late October. They sought to petition Parliament to right the wrongs imposed against the colonies, rather than advocating independence.

The Shots Are Fired
The colonists' covert military organization had not gone unnoticed. On 15 April 1775, General Thomas Gage, the British military governor in Massachusetts, was ordered to destroy the rebels' military stores at Concord. On 19 April, he led a large number of troops across the Charles River. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott rode through the countryside and alerted the so-called Minutemen of the impending arrival of the British.

When Gage's troops arrived at Lexington Green, they were met by a group of armed colonial militia. A shot was fired and the British troops began firing on the small group of militia, killing eight and wounding ten more. The militia retreated and the British continued on to Concord.

The Concord militia was more prepared--it flanked the retreating British troops, shooting at them from behind trees and bushes. The British had never experienced such guerilla tactics, and their morale was severely damaged. The British casualties were very high. The Battles of Lexington and Concord mark the beginning of the full-fledged American Revolution.

Resources for Study
There have been thousands of books written about the American Revolution from the perspectives of the colonists, the British, the Loyalists, and the allies of both sides. Additionally, you can find websites almost without end about any battle or topics related to the events of the time. The Ancestry.com databases are rich with information about national, colonial, and state histories. I especially enjoy using the maps in the Ancestry.com Map Center, which include those of the various periods of the American Revolution and the various campaigns in different areas. These can help you determine the areas affected and connect them to the places where your colonial ancestors may have lived.

Peace at Last!
Our American colonial ancestors had a lot of courage. They took their lives and livelihoods into their hands when they challenged the authority of King George III. The result was a period of vicious warfare that began with Lexington and Concord in 1775 and ended with the Paris Peace Treaty of 3 September 1783.

The Declaration of Independence was a product of the Continental Congress' reconvening to consider the situation after their petitions to King George III and the Parliament were at first ignored and then rebuffed, and after the first shots were fired in Massachusetts. It is an historic document that was produced only after other methods to seek redress had been used and had failed.

As we commemorate our courageous colonial American ancestors on this Independence Day, try to place your ancestors into geographical and historical context. Were they a part of those momentous events, or how were they affected, wherever they were?

Happy Independence Day!
George

George is president and a proud member of the International Society of Family History Writers and Editors. Visit the ISFHWE website at www.rootsweb.com/~cgc. Visit George's website at http://ahaseminars.com/atl for information about speaking engagements.

George's new book, How to Do Everything with Your Genealogy, has been published by McGraw-Hill/Osborne Media and is the talk of the genealogy community. Order yours today at Ancestry.com, Amazon.com, and other booksellers. ISBN 007223170X.

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